5. Attanipātanapañho

5."Bhante nāgasena, bhāsitampetaṃ bhagavatā 'na, bhikkhave, attānaṃ pātetabbaṃ, yo pāteyya, yathādhammo kāretabbo'ti.

King Milinda said: “Revered Nāgasena, this too was said by the Blessed One: “A monk should not attempt suicide. Whosoever does so should be dealt with according to the rule.’

Venerable Nāgasena, it has been said by the Blessed One: “A brother is not, O Bhikkhus, to commit suicide. Whosoever does so shall be dealt with according to the law.”

Почтенный Нагасена, есть изречение Блаженного: «Не следует, монахи, бросаться в пропасть, если кто бросится – поступать с ним по Учению»557.

Puna ca tumhe bhaṇatha 'yattha katthaci bhagavā sāvakānaṃ dhammaṃ desayamāno anekapariyāyena jātiyā jarāya byādhino maraṇassa samucchedāya dhammaṃ deseti, yo hi koci jātijarābyādhimaraṇaṃ samatikkamati, taṃ paramāya pasaṃsāya pasaṃsatī'ti.

116 But on the other hand you say: “On whatsoever subject the Blessed One was addressing the disciples, he always, and with various similes, taught the Dhamma in order to bring about the destruction of birth, ageing, disease and death; and whoever had passed beyond birth, ageing, disease and death, him did he praise with the highest praise.’117

And on the other hand you (members of the Order) say: “On whatsoever subject the Blessed One was addressing the disciples, he always, and with various similes, preached to them in order to bring about the destruction of birth, of old age, of disease, and of death. And whosoever overcame birth, old age, disease, and death, him did he honour with the highest praise.”

И, однако, вы утверждаете: «Когда бы ни проповедовал Блаженный слушателям, он всегда многими способами проповедует пресечение рождения, старости, болезни и смерти, и всякий, преступающий пределы рождения, старости, болезни и смерти, высшей похвалы удостаивается»558.

Yadi, bhante nāgasena, bhagavatā bhaṇitaṃ 'na, bhikkhave, attānaṃ pātetabbaṃ, yo pāteyya, yathādhammo kāretabbo'ti, tena hi 'jātiyā jarāya byādhino maraṇassa samucchedāya dhammaṃ desetī'ti yaṃ vacanaṃ, taṃ micchā.

Now if the Blessed One forbade suicide that saying of yours must be wrong,

Если, почтенный Нагасена, Блаженный сказал: «Не следует, монахи, бросаться в пропасть, если кто бросится – поступать с ним по Учению», то ложны слова, что он проповедует пресечение рождения, старости, болезни и смерти.

Yadi jātiyā jarāya byādhino maraṇassa samucchedāya dhammaṃ deseti, tena hi 'na, bhikkhave, attānaṃ pātetabbaṃ, yo pāteyya, yathādhammo kāretabbo"ti tampi vacanaṃ micchā.

but if not then the prohibition must be wrong.

but if not then the prohibition of suicide must be wrong.

Если же проповедует он пресечение рождения, старости, болезни и смерти, то тогда ложны слова: «Не следует, монахи, бросаться в пропасть, если кто бросится – поступать с ним по Учению».

Ayampi ubhato koṭiko pañho tavānuppatto, so tayā nibbāhitabbo"ti.

This too is a double-pronged question; it is put to you; it is for you to solve.”

This too is a double-edged problem now put to you, and you have to solve it.’

Вот еще вопрос обоюдоострый. Тебе он поставлен, тебе его и решать.

"Bhāsitampetaṃ, mahārāja, bhagavatā 'na, bhikkhave, attānaṃ pātetabbaṃ, yo pāteyya, yathādhammo kāretabbo'ti.

“The regulation you quote, sire, was laid down by the Blessed One,

‘The regulation you quote, O king, was laid down by the Blessed One, and yet is our saying you refer to true.

– Есть, государь, изречение Блаженного: «Не следует, монахи, бросаться в пропасть, если кто бросится – поступать с ним по Учению».

Yattha katthaci bhagavatā sāvakānaṃ dhammaṃ desayāmānena ca anekapariyāyena jātiyā jarāya byādhino maraṇassa samucchedāya dhammo desito, tattha pana kāraṇaṃ atthi, yena bhagavā kāraṇena paṭikkhipi samādapesi cā"ti.

and yet our saying you refer to is true. There is a reason for this, a reason for which the Blessed One objected to a person destroying himself and yet also aroused him to do so.”

And there is a reason for this, a reason for which the Blessed One both prohibited (the destruction of life), and also (in another sense) instigated us to it.’

И когда бы ни проповедовал Блаженный слушателям, он всегда проповедует пресечение рождения, старости, болезни и смерти. Однако есть причины, почему Блаженный и сдерживает и поощряет.

"Kiṃ panettha, bhante nāgasena, kāraṇaṃ, yena bhagavā kāraṇena paṭikkhipi samādapesi cā"ti?

“What, revered Nāgasena, may that reason be?"

‘What, Nāgasena, may that reason be?’

– Каковы же эти причины, почтенный Нагасена? Почему Блаженный и сдерживает и поощряет?

"Sīlavā, mahārāja, sīlasampanno agadasamo sattānaṃ kilesavisavināsane, osadhasamo sattānaṃ kilesabyādhivūpasame, udakasamo sattānaṃ kilesarajojallāpaharaṇe, maṇiratanasamo sattānaṃ sabbasampattidāne, nāvāsamo sattānaṃ caturoghapāragamane, satthavāhasamo sattānaṃ jātikantāratāraṇe, vātasamo sattānaṃ tividhaggisantāpanibbāpane, mahāmeghasamo sattānaṃ mānasaparipūraṇe, ācariyasamo sattānaṃ kusalasikkhāpane, sudesakasamo sattānaṃ khemapathamācikkhaṇe.

“One who is moral, sire, possessed of morality, is like an antidote for destroying the poison of the defilements in beings. He is like a healing balm for allaying the sickness of the defilements, like water for carrying off the dust and dirt of the defilements, like a ship for beings to go beyond the four floods,118 like a caravan leader for taking beings across the desert of births, like the wind for extinguishing the three fierce fires in beings,119 like a great rain-cloud for filling beings with purposeful thought, like a teacher for making beings train themselves in what is wholesome, and he is like a good guide for pointing out to beings the path of security.

‘The good man, O king, perfect in uprightness, is like a medicine to men in being an antidote to the poison of evil, he is like water to men in laying the dust and the impurities of evil dispositions, he is like a jewel treasure to men in bestowing upon them all attainments in righteousness, he is like a boat to men inasmuch as he conveys them to the further shore of the four flooded streams (of lust, individuality, delusion, and ignorance), he is like a caravan owner to men in that he brings them beyond the sandy desert of rebirths, he is like a mighty rain cloud to men in that he fills their hearts with satisfaction, he is like a teacher to men in that he trains them in all good, he is like a good guide to men in that he points out to them the path of peace.

– Кто праведен и исполнен праведности, государь, тот для всех живых что противоядие – их аффекты-яды обезвреживает; тот для всех живых что целебное снадобье – их аффекты-недуги излечивает; тот для всех живых что чистая вода – их аффекты, эту грязь и пыль, смывает; тот для всех живых что самоцвет миродержца – всяческое процветание дарует; тот для всех живых что корабль – через четыре стремнины559 переправляет; тот для всех живых что проводник обоза – из лесного жизни завала вызволяет; тот для всех живых что ветер – жгучий жар трех огней задувает; тот для всех живых что дождевая туча – духовную их жажду утоляет; тот для всех живых что воспитатель – лишь благому научает; тот для всех живых что добрый вожатый – надежную дорогу указует.

Evarūpo, mahārāja, bahuguṇo anekaguṇo appamāṇaguṇo guṇarāsi guṇapuñjo sattānaṃ vaḍḍhikaro sīlavā 'mā vinassī'ti sattānaṃ anukampāya bhagavā sikkhāpadaṃ paññapesi 'na, bhikkhave, attānaṃ pātetabbaṃ, yo pāteyya, yathādhammo kāretabbo'ti.

It was in order that one who was moral like that might not perish, sire, who was of many special qualities, of various special qualities, of immeasurable special qualities, a mass of special qualities, a heap of special qualities, and bringing welfare to all beings, that the Blessed One, sire, out of compassion for all beings, laid down this rule of training: “A monk should not attempt suicide. Whosoever does so should be dealt with according to the rule.’

It was in order that so good a man as that, one whose good qualities are so many, so various, so immeasurable, in order that so great a treasure mine of good things, so full of benefit to all beings, might not be done away with, that the Blessed One, O king, out of his mercy towards all beings, laid down that injunction, when he said: “A brother is not, O Bhikkhus, to commit suicide. Whosoever does so shall be dealt with according to the law.”

И, государь, чтобы такой вот достойный, достойнейший, бесконечно достойный, достославный, достохвальный праведник, всех живых споспешатель не погиб – вот для этого, государь, из сострадания к живым Блаженный и положил это правило поведения: «Не следует, монахи, бросаться в пропасть, если кто бросится – поступать с ним по Учению».

Idamettha, mahārāja, kāraṇaṃ, yena kāraṇena bhagavā paṭikkhipi.

This is the reason for which the Blessed One prohibited (self-slaughter).

Такова причина, почему Блаженный сдерживает.

Bhāsitampetaṃ, mahārāja, therena kumārakassapena vicitrakathikena pāyāsirājaññassa paralokaṃ dīpayamānena 'yathā yathā kho rājañña samaṇabrāhmaṇā sīlavanto kalyāṇadhammā ciraṃ dīghamaddhānaṃ tiṭṭhanti, tathā tathā bahuṃ puññaṃ pasavanti, bahujanahitāya ca paṭipajjanti bahujanasukhāya lokānukampāya atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussāna'nti.

“Furthermore, sire, this was said by the Elder Kumāra Kassapa, a versatile talker, when he was illustrating the world beyond to the chieftain Pāyāsi: “For as long a time, chieftain, as recluses and brahmins who are moral and of lovely character stand fast, for so long do they fare along for the welfare of the great masses of people, for the good and gain and weal of gods and men.’120

And it was said, O king, by the Elder Kumāra Kassapa, the eloquent, when he was describing to Pāyāsi the Rājanya the other world: “So long as Samaṇas and Brahmans of uprightness of life, and beauty of character, continue to exist—however long that time may be—just so long do they conduct themselves to the advantage and happiness of the great masses of the people, to the good and the gain and the weal of gods and men! ”’

Ведь есть, государь, изречение тхеры Кашьяпы-царевича Красноречивого, сказанное в беседе о том свете с кшатрием Паясием: «Чем дольше, чем больший век, о кшатрий, живут на земле праведные, добродетельные шраманы и брахманы, тем больше они радеют о благе многих, о счастье многих, сострадая миру, на пользу, на благо, на счастье богам и людям»560.

"Kena pana kāraṇena bhagavā samādapesi?

But what is the reason for which the Blessed One aroused his disciples to bring about the destruction of birth, ageing, disease and death?

‘And what is the reason for which the Blessed One instigated us (to put an end to life)?

А теперь почему Блаженный поощряет:

Jātipi, mahārāja, dukkhā, jarāpi dukkhā, byādhipi dukkho, maraṇampi dukkhaṃ, sokopi dukkho, paridevopi dukkho, dukkhampi dukkhaṃ, domanassampi dukkhaṃ, upāyāsopi dukkho, appiyehi sampayogopi dukkho, piyehi vippayogopi dukkho, mātumaraṇampi dukkhaṃ, pitumaraṇampi dukkhaṃ, bhātumaraṇampi dukkhaṃ, bhaginimaraṇampi dukkhaṃ, puttamaraṇampi dukkhaṃ, dāramaraṇampi dukkhaṃ, dāsamaraṇampi dukkhaṃ [idaṃ vākyaṃ sī. pī. potthakesu natthi], ñātimaraṇampi dukkhaṃ, ñātibyasanampi dukkhaṃ, rogabyasanampi dukkhaṃ, bhogabyasanampi dukkhaṃ, sīlabyasanampi dukkhaṃ, diṭṭhibyasanampi dukkhaṃ, rājabhayampi dukkhaṃ, corabhayampi dukkhaṃ, veribhayampi dukkhaṃ, dubbhikkhabhayampi dukkhaṃ, aggibhayampi dukkhaṃ, udakabhayampi dukkhaṃ, ūmibhayampi dukkhaṃ, āvaṭṭabhayampi dukkhaṃ, kumbhīlabhayampi dukkhaṃ, susukābhayampi dukkhaṃ, attānuvādabhayampi dukkhaṃ, parānuvādabhayampi dukkhaṃ, daṇḍabhayampi dukkhaṃ, duggatibhayampi dukkhaṃ, parisāsārajjabhayampi dukkhaṃ, ājīvakabhayampi dukkhaṃ, maraṇabhayampi dukkhaṃ, vettehi tāḷanampi dukkhaṃ, kasāhi tāḷanampi dukkhaṃ, addhadaṇḍakehi tāḷanampi dukkhaṃ, hatthacchedanampi dukkhaṃ, pādacchedanampi dukkhaṃ, hatthapādacchedanampi dukkhaṃ, kaṇṇacchedanampi dukkhaṃ, nāsacchedanampi dukkhaṃ, kaṇṇanāsacchedanampi dukkhaṃ, bilaṅgathālikampi dukkhaṃ, saṅkhamuṇḍikampi dukkhaṃ, rāhumukhampi dukkhaṃ, jotimālikampi dukkhaṃ, hatthapajjotikampi dukkhaṃ, erakavattikampi dukkhaṃ, cīrakavāsikampi dukkhaṃ, eṇeyyakampi dukkhaṃ, baḷisamaṃsikampi dukkhaṃ, kahāpaṇikampi dukkhaṃ, khārāpatacchikampi dukkhaṃ, palighaparivattikampi dukkhaṃ, palālapīṭhakampi dukkhaṃ, tattena telena osiñcanampi dukkhaṃ, sunakhehi khādāpanampi dukkhaṃ, jīvasūlāropanampi dukkhaṃ, asinā sīsacchedanampi dukkhaṃ, evarūpāni, mahārāja, bahuvidhāni anekavidhāni dukkhāni saṃsāragato anubhavati.

Birth, sire, is suffering, so is ageing, disease and death. Sorrow is suffering, so is lamentation, pain, grief and despair. Association with the unpleasant is suffering, so is separation from the pleasant. Death of a mother is suffering, so is death of a father, brother, sister, child, wife or of a relation. Misfortune concerning one’s relations is suffering, so is misfortune concerning one’s health, wealth, moral habit or one’s views. Fear produced by despots is suffering, so is fear produced by robbers, enemies, famine, fire, flood, waves, crocodiles, whirlpools and fierce fishes. Fear of self-reproach is suffering, so is fear of others’ reproach, punishment or misfortune. What is fearful in an assembly is suffering, so is fear for one’s livelihood, the foreboding of death and the various punishments inflicted on criminals.

Birth, O king, is full of pain, and so is old age, and disease, and death. Sorrow is painful, and so is lamentation, and pain, and grief, and despair. Association with the unpleasant is painful, and separation from the pleasant. The death of a mother is painful, or of a father, or a brother, or a sister, or a son, or a wife, or of any relative. Painful is the ruin of one’s family, and the suffering of disease, and the loss of wealth, and decline in goodness, and the loss of insight. Painful is the fear produced by despots, or by robbers, or by enemies, or by famine, or by fire, or by flood, or by the tidal wave, or by earthquake, or by crocodiles or alligators. Painful is the fear of possible blame attaching to oneself, or to others, the fear of punishment, the fear of misfortune. Painful is the fear arising from shyness in the presence of assemblies of one’s fellows, painful is anxiety as to one’s means of livelihood, painful the foreboding of death. Painful are (the punishments inflicted on criminals), such as being flogged with whips, or with sticks, or with split rods, having one’s hands cut off, or one’s feet, or one’s hands and feet, or one’s ears, or one’s nose, or one’s ears and nose. Painful are (the tortures inflicted on traitors)—being subjected to the Gruel Pot (that is, having boiling gruel poured into one’s head from the top of which the skull bone has been removed)—or to the Chank Crown (that is, having the scalp rubbed with gravel till it becomes smooth like a polished shell)—or to the Rāhu’s Mouth (that is, having one’s mouth held open by iron pins, and oil put in it, and a wick lighted therein)—or to the Fire Garland or to the Hand Torch, (that is, being made a living torch, the whole body, or the arms only, being wrapped up in oily cloths, and set on fire)—or to the Snake Strips (that is, being skinned in strips from the neck to the hips, so that the skin falls in strips round the legs)or to the Bark Dress (that is, being skinned alive from the neck downwards, and having each strip of skin as soon as removed tied to the hair, so that these strips form a veil around one)—or to the Spotted Antelope (that is, having one’s knees and elbows tied together, and being made to squat on a plate of iron under which a fire is lit)—or to the Flesh-hooks (that is, being hung up on a row of iron hooks)—or to the Pennies (that is, having bits cut out of the flesh, all over the body, of the size of pennies)—or to the Brine Slits (that is, having cuts made all over one’s body by means of knives or sharp points, and then having salt and caustic liquids poured over the wounds)—or to the Bar Turn (that is, being transfixed to the ground by a bar of iron passing through the root of the ear, and then being dragged round and round by the leg)—or to the Straw Seat (that is, being so beaten with clubs that The bones are broken, and the body becomes like a heap of straw)—or to be anointed with boiling oil, or to be eaten by dogs, or to be impaled alive, or to be beheaded. Such and such, O king, are the manifold and various pains which a being caught in the whirlpool of births and rebirths has to endure.

и рождение, государь, тяжко, и старость тяжка, и болезнь тяжка, и смерть тяжка, и печаль, и причитания, и боль, и горе, и отчаяние, и близость с постылыми, и разлука с милыми, и смерть матери, и смерть отца, и смерть брата, и смерть сестры, и смерть сына, и смерть жены, и смерть родича, и потеря родича, и потеря здоровья, и потеря богатства, и потеря нравственности, и потеря точки зрения, и опасность от царя, и опасность от разбойников, и опасность от ненавистников, и опасность голодной смерти, и опасность пожара, и опасность наводнения, и опасность от волн, и опасность от водоворотов, и опасность от гавиалов, и опасность от крокодилов, и опасность стать порицаемым самим собою, и опасность стать порицаемым другими, и опасность дурного удела, и опасность остаться без средств к существованию, и застенчивость на людях, и страх смерти, и битье палками, и битье кнутом, и битье батогами, и усекновение кистей рук, и усекновение ног по щиколотки, и усекновение и рук и ног, и усекновение ушей, и усекновение носа, и усекновение и носа и ушей, и «котелок каши», и «лысая раковина», и «зев Раху», и «горящий венчик», и «руки-факелы», и «лупленый банан», и «кожурка», и «козел на сковородке», и «тушка на крюку», и «гуляш живьем», и «строганина со щелочью», и «воротная петля», и «соломенное сиденье», и поливание кипящим маслом, и травля псами, и сажание на кол, и усекновение головы561 – вот такие и многие им подобные тяжкие страдания терпит тот, кто находится в мирском кружении.

"Yathā, mahārāja, himavantapabbate abhivuṭṭhaṃ udakaṃ gaṅgāya nadiyā pāsāṇa sakkhara khara marumba āvaṭṭa gaggalaka ūmikavaṅkacadika āvaraṇanīvaraṇamūlakasākhāsu pariyottharati, evameva kho, mahārāja, evarūpāni bahuvidhāni anekavidhāni dukkhāni saṃsāragato anubhavati.

“As, sire, when it has rained down on the slopes of the Himalayas the water flows, in its course along the Ganges, through and over rocks and pebbles and gravel, whirlpools and eddies and rapids, and the stumps and branches of trees which obstruct and oppose its passage, even so, sire, each being caught in the succession of births and rebirths has to endure such and such manifold and various sufferings.

just, O king, as the water rained down upon the Himālaya mountain flows, in its course along the Ganges, through and over rocks and pebbles and gravel, whirlpools and eddies and rapids, and the stumps and branches of trees which obstruct and oppose its passage—just so has each being caught in the succession of births and rebirths to endure such and such manifold and various pains.

Как вода, государь, выпав дождем в Гималайских горах, течет вниз по Ганге-реке меж скал и камней, гальки и песка, в коловертях и водоворотах, в стремнинах, луках и плесах, мимо коряг и топляков – вот точно так же, государь, такие и многие им подобные тяжкие страдания терпит тот, кто находится в мирском кружении.

Pavattaṃ, mahārāja, dukkhaṃ, appavattaṃ sukhaṃ.

Occurrence, sire, is suffering, non-occurrence is bliss.121

Full of pain, then, is the continual succession of rebirths, a joy is it when that succession ends.

Appavattassa guṇaṃ pavattassa [pavatte (sī. pī. ka.)] ca bhayaṃ dīpayamāno, mahārāja, bhagavā appavattassa sacchikiriyāya jātijarābyādhimaraṇasamatikkamāya samādapesi, idamettha, mahārāja, kāraṇaṃ, yena kāraṇena bhagavā samādapesī"ti.

Illustrating the special quality of non-occurrence and the peril there is in occurrence, the Blessed One, sire, for the realization of nonoccurrence, roused disciples to pass beyond birth, ageing, disease and death.This was the reason, sire, why the Blessed One roused disciples.”

And it was in pointing out the advantage of that end, the disaster involved in that succession, that the Blessed One, great king, instigated us to get beyond birth, and old age, and disease, and death by the realisation of the final end of that succession of rebirths. This is the sense, O king, which led the Blessed One to instigate us (to put an end to life).’

... Вот такова причина, почему Блаженный поощряет.

"Sādhu, bhante nāgasena, sunibbeṭhito pañho, sukathitaṃ kāraṇaṃ, evametaṃ tathā sampaṭicchāmī"ti.

“It is good, revered Nāgasena; the question is well unravelled, the explanation reasonably spoken; so it is, thus do I accept it.”

‘Very good, Nāgasena! Well solved is the puzzle (I put), well set forth are the reasons (you alleged). That is so, and I accept it as you say.’

– Отлично, почтенный Нагасена. Поистине распутан вопрос, названо основание. Да, это так, я с этим согласен.